This investigation uncovers abuses in the way funds have been disbursed by the Governing Council of the UN Compensation Commission (UNCC) under an environmental compensation programme for livestock breeders in the Jordanian desert. Allocations that were intended for use in constructing agricultural roads, to make it easier for breeders to move their livestock to pasture, have instead gone on constructing roads to private farms.
“If you’re in a good position and well connected, you can get a road that reaches your farm and you’re fine,” said Hamad Al-Tawafsheh as he crossed over a paved road that leads to private farms. He was driving, alongside his livestock herd, on the way to an area of pasture in the Al-Mishanshala area of Northern Badia District of Mafraq Governorate (northern Jordan). As the paved road came to an end, he turned right onto a bumpy dirt road. Hamad, who owns a herd of livestock, said: “This road is worn out, and even the animals won’t walk along it with you. This is just the kind of desert road that should be paved.”
The environmental compensation scheme included constructing agricultural roads that would make it easier for livestock breeders to move around in the desert
Hamad was determined to keep driving, though we feared the car would come to a stop at any moment, defeated by the many rocks and potholes on the road. Our fears only increased when he said: “Every time I go to fetch water for my sheep, or a bag of fodder, I get a puncture on the road and the car breaks down.”
A few minutes further on, dozens of Bedouin tents started to appear on both sides of the road. As soon as we stopped, local people began gathering round and talking to Hamad, as if they were continuing a previous conversation.
Voices were raised as they complained about the unevenness of the road, and the difficulty of reaching a nearby spring to provide water to their livestock, or grazing areas for their “halal”, as they call their livestock.
The discussion between the men became heated, but Hamad cut in: “Go to the official, and get him to look into your complaints, guys. No-one knows about you.”
Hamad told us that the road serves more than two hundred families in the desert, who use it to fetch water. “This has long been the hardest thing about being in the desert. And there are no officials who know about it,” he says sadly.
“All the agricultural roads are worn out. They all need work done on them, they all need to be paved. But they are still all dirt roads,” he adds, pointing out that these roads are used by wheat and barley growers as well as livestock breeders. Click here to watch the video investigation
In 2005, Jordan received compensation from the Governing Council of the UNCC for environmental damage in the Eastern and Northern Badia [desert] regions, caused by the Gulf War. Programmes included construction of agricultural roads, to facilitate access by livestock breeders to grazing areas.
This war in the 1990s, caused huge numbers of livestock herds to move from Iraq to Jordan’s Eastern and Northern Badia, adversely affecting the area’s vegetation and pastureland. The Jordanian government submitted claims to the UNCC Governing Council, to seek compensation for environmental damage in these areas, caused by the Gulf War.
The environmental compensation scheme, overseen by the Jordanian Ministry of Environment, included the building of agricultural roads, to make it easier for livestock breeders to move around the desert, and to reach water catchment areas, and also for the rehabilitation of the area’s ecosystems. The water catchment areas are stretches of land that drain water from rainfall and snowmelt and directs it into streams and rivers.
“The lack of suitable agricultural roads is the main obstacle facing livestock farmers”
The government began implementing the agricultural roads project in 2014. The Ministry of Environment signed an agreement with the Ministry of Works to construct agricultural roads worth 1.4 million Jordanian dinars [$1.97m], as part of the environmental compensation programme. About a quarter of this amount was earmarked for the building of two roads in the Al-Mashinshala area of Northern Badia District, Mafraq Governorate.
Mohsen Al-Shanabla, who lives in the locality of Umm al-Quttayn in Northern Badia District, explains that livestock breeders derive no benefit from the roads that have been paved in the region, which also lacks proper infrastructure.
Mohsen, who is the head of an agricultural association, thinks that the lack of suitable agricultural roads is the biggest obstacle facing livestock breeders, who seek out grazing areas to cut down on their use of animal fodder. He points out that one herd generates income for more than one Bedouin family.
According to Mohsen, many livestock breeders in Northern Badia resort to selling their livestock at a loss. This being their only source of livelihood, they then migrate, because of the lack of appropriate infrastructure. He says that the absence of agricultural roads fails to gain the attention of government officials.
Pastoral reserves cover an area of nearly 280,000 dunams in Mafraq Governorate, and about a quarter of Jordan’s registered livestock live on this land. The Northern Badia District holds about 40 percent of the livestock in the governorate.
A report by Jordan’s Audit Bureau for the year 2021, shows that about half a million (539,000) Jordanian dinars ($759,000), from allocations made under the environmental compensation programme, were spent on roads used by “owners of large private farms” in the Al-Mishanshala area of Mafraq Governorate. This amount is equivalent to one third of the total fund earmarked for the construction of 70 kilometres of agricultural roads in the desert region.
The report also makes clear that these roads in Al-Mishanshala, provide no access to water catchment areas or other bodies of water. Instead, they go to private reservoirs, dug by farm owners within the boundaries of their property.
The Jordanian government allocated about 5 million Jordanian dinars from the compensation fund, to construc agricultural roads, most of which was spent by 2021. The project included the construction of the 16-kilometre-long Al-Mashinshala-Al-Khalidiyya road, according to information from the minister of environment, given in response to questioning in 2021, by a Jordanian parliamentarian.
The Al-Mishanshala-Al-Khalidiyya road runs parallel to the Baghdad International Highway,
which leads to the Iraqi border. The road connects two areas, and at one end it runs past privately owned farms.
When you travel along this highway, you have no problem reaching the end. But the trouble comes when you turn onto the nearby agricultural roads, used by livestock breeders.
Mohsen Al-Shanabla says: “There are farms that belong to influential men, government men.. we do not know who they are. These farms are served by roads that are even better than those in western Amman. The people of the Northern Badia would dearly like to have the use of such roads.”
Hamad does nothing to hide his resentment as he drives over the paved road: “Now you’ve seen the asphalt road for one lucky farmer, while we poor farmers have to drive on dirt tracks.”
ARIJ has obtained data confirming that certain businessmen and others – who hold prominent positions in the state – own farms located on this road.
This investigation was carried out with the support of ARIJ.
